Présentation du Houblon
Par christian le vendredi, mars 17 2000, 12:07 - Fiches techniques - Lien permanent
LE HOUBLON
– Qui est-il?
Plante herbacée, vivace et robuste de la famille des cannabinacées portant le nom scientifique de Humulus Lupulus. Sa spécificité est son caractère grimpant utilisant tous supports (arbres, tonnelles, etc...). La hauteur atteinte peut aller jusqu'à sept mètres. Seules les plantes femelles donnent des fleurs appelées communément cônes. La propagation du houblon se fait très rarement par graines, l'utilisation de rhizomes (racines) suffit pour développer une variété. Près d'une centaine de variétés existent sans parler des variétés sauvages assez répandus dans notre région. Son utilisation se fait essentiellement dans l'élaboration de la bière à travers l'utilisation de variétés aromatiques ou amérisantes
– La vie du houblon
Durant l'hiver, le houblon hiberne... nous voyons apparaître les premières pousses vers le printemps. Son développement se fait du printemps à l'automne (mi septembre). Plante grimpante, dotée de feuilles assez grandes, elle se développe donc sur des treillis ou d'autres supports naturels. Sa taille pouvant atteindre 7 mètres dénote dans le paysage mais permet de donner naissance à de belles tonnelles chez un particulier. La fleur se récolte vers la mi-septembre. Il est possible dans de très bonnes conditions d'obtenir jusqu'à 4kg de fleurs fraiches occupant un volume assez conséquent. Après la récolte, le pied ayant été coupée, le houblon disparaît....
Ses ennemis sont éventuellement les pucerons et le mildiou, nous pouvons si besoin le protéger durant l'hiver à l'aide d'un paillage.
– Son utilisation
La fleur de houblon est utilisée pendant l'ébullition du moût de bière. Pour 1000 litres de bière, on utilise en moyenne 2kg de fleurs en granulés dénommées pellets. Le brasseur peut utiliser différentes variétés afin de donner des caractéristiques amérisantes et aromatiques à la bière. Il choisit donc entre différentes variétés aromatique ou amérisantes, l'association de deux variétés étant très classique.
- Une problématique...
L'utilisation du houblon dans l'élaboration de la bière est très importante, car elle confère à celle ci amertume et saveurs. L'équilibre aromatique d'une bière réside donc dans le choix des houblons. Or, la déficience des fournisseurs a très vite amené les micro-brasseries à se contenter à utiliser une dizaine de variétés sur une centaine existantes. Seule une malterie situé en Belgique propose dans son catalogue 50 houblons..... lorsqu'ils sont disponibles. Le risque de ce choix restrictif, c'est l'uniformisation gustative des 1000 bières proposées par les 320 petites brasseries recensées en France. Parallèlement, c'est aussi le risque de voir la culture de certaines variétés disparaître. Le constat s'aggrave lorsqu'un petit brasseur désire utiliser des variétés issus de l'agriculture biologique. En effet, le brasseur se contentera de la variété « Hallertau perlé » et c'est tout...Situation antinomique: faire du bio sans bio-diversité! C'est donc dans ce contexte que l'idée de créer une dynamique de plantation des variétés de houblons est née afin de permettre de disposer physiquement de plusieurs variétés de houblons sur un territoire en espérant à termes pouvoir lancer une production de houblons bio.
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