Les semences paysannes : hier et aujourd'hui
Par Michel le mardi, mars 30 2010, 17:56 - Documents de référence - Lien permanent
Les semences paysannes : une longue histoire
De tout temps les paysans et les paysannes du monde entier ont produit et échangé leurs semences de ferme et se les sont transmises de génération en génération. Cette approche hautement diversifiée a conduit à une grande autonomie des paysan-ne-s et aussi à une biodiversité cultivée d’une extrême richesse. Mais depuis quelques décennies que de changements !
La biodiversité cultivée disparaît des champs
L'industrialisation de l'agriculture et la spécialisation de la sélection variétale a conduit dès le début du 20ème siècle, et de manière accélérée après la 2nde guerre mondiale, à une érosion de la biodiversité cultivée dans les champs : le nombre des espèces cultivées chute drastiquement et les variétés populations (de base génétique large), sont peu à peu remplacées par des variétés fixées, stables et homogènes. L’adaptation locale, l’élargissement et le renouvellement de la biodiversité dans chaque champ par la pratique traditionnelle consistant à ressemer (et échanger) une partie du grain récolté, est peu à peu abandonnée par les paysan(ne)s. La FAO estime que «depuis le début du siècle, 75% de la diversité génétique des plantes cultivées a été perdu.
Pour enrayer cette perte de diversité génétique, des systèmes de conservation se mettent alors en place en France dans les années 60, soit dans des banques de graines gérées par l'INRA(1) (conservation ex-situ), soit dans des jardins sous l'impulsion du secteur associatif et des jardiniers amateurs (conservation in-situ). L’INRA explique volontiers qu'il ne fait pas que de la conservation ex-situ puisqu’il cultive chaque variété (tous les 10 ans environ pour les céréales) sur des petites parcelles en pépinière.(3600 parcelles/an à Clermont-Ferrand) ; mais leur but reste de conserver une variété telle qu’elle leur à été transmise (ou le plus proche possible).C’est différent de la gestion dynamique dans les champs et les jardins, qui est un complément indispensable pour une utilisation paysanne.
La reconquête de l'autonomie
A la fin des années 90, l'émergence des OGM fait prendre conscience à certains agriculteurs de leur perte d'autonomie vis à vis des semences et du risque de ne plus pouvoir choisir et avoir accès à des variétés adaptées à leurs pratiques (agriculture biologique ou à faibles intrants, transformation artisanale ou fermière, filière de proximité).
Des agriculteurs, souvent isolés, recherchent alors des variétés historiquement cultivées dans leur région, pour les recultiver et les adapter sans intrants chimiques à leur terroir et aux conditions actuelles. Ils trouvent ces variétés parfois chez les « anciens » et souvent dans les banques de graines gérées par l'INRA. Petit à petit des groupes se structurent, des liens se créent parfois avec des chercheurs de l'INRA (généticiens, sélectionneurs) pour mettre en oeuvre des actions de sélection participative à partir de variétés populations.
Fondamentalement basée sur la diversité des acteurs et des terroirs, sur la mutualisation et les échanges, cette approche est évidemment en totale opposition avec la stratégie des firmes consistant à développer et diffuser en très grande quantité quelques variétés "élites" protégées par la propriété intellectuelle. Cette approche se formalise en 2003 avec la création du Réseau des Semences Paysannes (RSP). Ce réseau développe et entretient des partenariats sur le plan national mais aussi sur le plan international et il est notamment l'un des acteurs du réseau européen de semences "Libérons la Diversité!" Il oeuvre activement à la reconnaissance scientifique et juridique de la gestion dynamique et de la sélection participative.
Alors que la conservation ex-situ est une activité cloisonnée, séparée de la sélection (par les sélectionneurs), elle même distincte de l'utilisation (par les agriculteurs) des semences et plants, la gestion dynamique de la biodiversité cultivée réunit dans un processus continu associé à la production agricole, les actions de conservation, de sélection et de multiplication des semences.
Vers un réseau régional de maisons de la semence paysanne
C'est dans ce cadre de fonctionnement en réseau que des structures opérationnelles locales apparaissent comme le CETAB(2) ou Bio-Aquitaine. En midi-Pyrénées, c'est un Réseau d'échanges et de mutualisation à dimension régionale, pour des structures et expérimentation locales sur la diversité cultivée qui est en train de voir le jour. Il associe agriculteurs, jardiniers, jardins botaniques, club de jardinage d'écoles, etc...
Il doit déboucher à terme sur un réseau de Maisons de la Semence Paysanne, que le Conseil Régional s'était publiquement engagée à soutenir lors des Etats Généraux OGM et Biodiversité d'avril 2009 à Toulouse.///
(1) Institut National de Recherche Agronomique
(2) Centre Terre d’Accueil des Blés
Commentaires
Nous serions partisans de cultiver des semences "paysannes" utiles, sur 1 ou 2m2 de jardin.
Contactez-nous en cas de besoin, notamment, s'il y a un nouveau semis de sainfoin prévu ce mois de mars 2011 ? Cordialement
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