Présentation du sainfoin
Par Michel le mercredi, février 10 2010, 15:26 - Fiches techniques - Lien permanent
Par Estelle Gressier
Multiplier du sainfoin pour les brebis aveyronnaises
Vous avez envie de vous impliquer dans un travail de préservation de la biodiversité locale ?
Alors lancez-vous dans la multiplication de sainfoin, vous participerez ainsi à l’amélioration des prairies semées des filières fromagères bio de la zone Roquefort, soucieuses d’adapter durablement leurs pratiques aux évolutions du climat.
Le contexte : pourquoi la multiplication est primordiale ?
Face à une distribution des pluies devenue aléatoire depuis quelques années, les prairies de l’Aveyron souffrent. Ne produisant plus suffisamment, elles sont régulièrement ressemées avec des espèces fourragères commerciales coûteuses et peu adaptées aux conditions locales de sol et de climat.
De plus, l’offre en semences fourragères bio sur le marché français reste très limitée, ce marché n’intéressant pas les semenciers. Une alternative pour reconstituer des prairies durables consiste à utiliser un mélange de plantes fourragères spontanées, bien adaptées aux conditions climatiques locales.
Mais avant de pouvoir proposer et conseiller l’utilisation de ces semences, il faut les multiplier afin de les étudier, et caractériser leur capacité à produire des graines.
C’est cette étape du travail que nous vous proposons d’accomplir dans vos jardins, à partir de petits lots récoltés dans des prairies naturelles de l’Aveyron durant l’été 2009.
DIversité des couleurs : rose, violet, mauve, blanc veiné
Petite histoire :
Originaire d’Europe méridionale, sa culture se développe en France sous le nom de Bourgogne, Esparcette ou Sainct foin, pour ses vertus nutritives puis Sainfoin. Encore cultivé partout au début du siècle, il a été remplacé par la luzerne, plus productive.
Le sainfoin cultivé appartient au genre Onobrychis qui veut dire ono = âne et brychis = qui brait donc herbe qui fait braire les ânes. On l’appelle encore actuellement esparcette, esparcette à feuille de vesce ou même luzerne en Provence.
Son nom officiel est Onobrychis viciifolia ; il appartient à la famille des Fabaceae ou Légumineuses.
A quoi ressemble la plante ? :
Plante herbacée vivace :
- sa tige est dressée rameuse pubescente striée de 30 à 70 cm de hauteur,
- sa racine pivotante peut atteindre plusieurs mètres de profondeur, comme la luzerne, elle est capable de se développer dans des roches calcaires
- ses feuilles sont composées de folioles opposées par paires (de 6 à 13 à 31 selon les auteurs !) poilues dessous.
- les inflorescences sont des grappes de fleurs rose clair à pourpre. L’abeille domestique est le principal pollinisateur, même si tous les butineurs décrits sur légumineuses fourragères s’y nourrissent. On peut espérer 30 à 130 kg de miel par ha de culture pure. Les fruits sont des gousses contenant une seule graine, hérissées de pointes. Dans le commerce, on peut trouver du sainfoin en cosse = avec gousses ou sans cosse = graines nues
Les sainfoins cultivés :
Il existe deux sortes de sainfoins cultivés en France.
Le sainfoin dit simple, ordinaire, petite graine : généralement, il ne fleurit pas l’année du semis, monte à graine uniquement sur la première pousse et donne un petit regain (uniquement végétatif). Rustique, il peut produire pendant 3 à 4 ans, voire jusqu’à 6 ans.
Le sainfoin dit double, à deux coupes, géant, grande graine : variété originaire de Suisse. Plus robuste, ses tiges sont plus hautes, plus vigoureuses. Il fleurit l’année du semis et remonte après la première coupe donnant un regain satisfaisant, mais sa durée de vie est réduite à 2 ans. En production de semences, on peut espérer théoriquement deux récoltes de graines la même année.
Climat et sol :
Le sainfoin craint le gel pendant ses premiers 6 mois, ensuite il résiste bien aux basses températures. Il résiste également bien aux fortes températures et aux conditions sèches : il s’arrête de pousser l’été et redémarre à la faveur des orages d’été et des pluies d’automne. La germination nécessite des températures de l’ordre de 8 à 10 °c.
Il préfère les sols profonds et fortement calcaires, mais se contente de sols légers, sablonneux, graveleux, à condition qu’ils soient calcaires. Il résiste mieux aux sols secs qu’à l’excès d’humidité, aux sols compacts et à l’humidité stagnante. (Les terrains trop argileux et froids ne lui conviennent pas).
Commentaires
Je ne peux pas venir le 28 mars. Quelqu'un habitant Gaillac dans le Tarn peut-il me récupérer des graines? Y aura-t-il une autre distribution dans le Tarn, je me déplace difficilement
Danielle
Bonjour,
Nous voudrions semer en sainfoin une coupe 5 à 6 ha de prairie jamais chimiquée sur le Causse Noir à 800 m d'altitude.
Mais où trouver la semence. Si elle n'est pas bio elle le deviendra chez nous !
Merci
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