Voyage d'étude sur les semences paysannes dans le Lot-et-Garonne
Par Michel le vendredi, avril 8 2011, 15:04 - Rencontres et échanges - Lien permanent
8 avril 2011 – Association Pétanielle
visite du Biaugerme et du CETAB
Visite du Biaugerme
Le Biaugerme est une petite entreprise semencière qui a été initiée en 1981 par Silvia Schmit. L'activité s'est peu à peu développée et le GIE (Groupement d'Intérêt Economique) a été créé en 1991. Le principe est de regrouper les moyens pour la commercialisation des semences, chaque ferme restant indépendante. Philippe Catinaud, membre du Biaugerme et administrateur du Réseau Semences Paysannes nous a expliqué le fonctionnement du Biaugerme. Il s'agit d'un fonctionnement très élaboré qui accorde beaucoup d'importance à la gestion du collectif. La rémunération de chaque associé est basé sur un engagement de production. Le calcul de l'engagement se base sur une « cotation des cultures » qui prend en compte la difficulté technique et matériel de production de chaque type de semences. Ainsi la rémunération est déconnectée des apports en volume. Par exemple, la variété Tomate des Andes va avoir une cotation supérieure à d'autres variétés de tomate car elle produit peu de graines. Chaque associé, en plus de la production, doit travailler au sein de la structure pour les tâches de commercialisation (le Biaugerme n'a pas de salarié) : gestion du site internet, comptabilité, secrétariat, ensachage, expéditions, gestion des cotations, édition du catalogue, etc. Le Biaugerme compte aujourd'hui 12 fermes associées et commercialise 200 000 sachets par an de très nombreuses variétés. Toutes les variétés du Biaugerme sont dans le domaine public et reproductibles.
Depuis 2005, le Biaugerme s'est regroupé avec d'autres artisans semenciers bio au sein des Croqueurs de Carottes pour mutualiser la maintenance de variétés qui ne sont plus conservées par les semenciers industriels et aussi pour se défendre collectivement. Ainsi le Biaugerme s'est inscrit comme mainteneur officiel de 50 variétés qui ne sont pas commercialisées et rémunère ses producteurs pour ce travail de bien commun. Philippe Catinaud a aussi évoqué l'adhésion du Biaugerme au RSP et la volonté d'agir main dans la main entre artisans semenciers et paysans, pour défendre les semences paysannes.
Nous avons visité toutes les installations du Biaugerme (outils de nettoyage, tri de graines, ensachage, test de germination, chambre froide,...) : voir les photos. Les semences sont concernées en chambre froide à 16-20° et 55% d'humidité.
Visite de la ferme de Cécile et Jean-François Berthellot, membres fondateurs du CETAB (Centre d'Etude Terre d'Accueil des Blés Anciens)
Jean-François nous a raconté son cheminement depuis le début des années 2000 et la découverte du blé rouge de Bordeaux, ses recherches dans les archives départementales et les livres anciens. Chaque année il a sorti des dizaines de petits sachets de variétés disparues de céréales. En 2004, la création du Réseau Semences Paysannes a permis des rencontres, a stimulé ce travail. Chaque année Jean-François a distribué beaucoup de graines mais a eu très peu de retours. Cela a conduit à créer le CETAB. Jean-François pointe la difficulté liée au démarrage très centralisée sur leur ferme de la collection qui fait qu'aujourd'hui encore ils ont du mal à répartir le travail de maintenance. Il relève que le démarrage du mouvement des Semeurs et de l'association Pétanielle directement sur un réseau de jardiniers/paysans et un fonctionnement très réparti est positif à ce titre. Il évoque aussi la difficulté à gérer la frontière entre le travail de conservation et la valorisation économique (vente de semences). Il est important d'être clair sur ces aspects au sein d'un groupe rassemblant des personnes aux aspirations et visions diverses.
Le fonctionnement de Jean-François pour le maintien de sa collection :
- semis 10 M2/ variété
- A la récolte, un bouquet d'une soixantaine d'épis est récolté à la main et sera battu à la batteuse d'épis. Les grains serviront à ressemer la récolte et en sachet de sauvegarde le reste du carré est récolté avec une moissonneuse batteuse d'essai. Cette récolte servira à la distribution. Jean-François a beaucoup insisté sur le problème de conservation des semences. A température ambiante, on ne peut pas espérer conserver les graines plus de 2 ans, principalement à cause des mites. '' Comment conserver les graines ?''
Jean-François recommande le papier kraft. Il a essayé les sacs de congélation mais cela n'a pas marché. Il faut bannir tout récipient hermétique qui ne permet pas la respiration. (NDLR : Pierre Besse recommande pour sa part les sachets de café]
Pour Jean-François, le mieux serait d'avoir des contenant en osier ou bois, enduits de bouse de vache, les grains étant mélangé avec de la centre de bois. Une autre option, qui implique d'avoir plus de matériel, est de déshydrater les graines (graines étalées dans une pièce fermée avec un radiateur) puis de conserver les graines dans un réfrigérateur. Contre les mites, il y aurait aussi des préparations répulsives/ insecticides à essayer, par exemple de la poudre de diatomée ou poudre d'armoise. NDLR : un livre communiqué par Mar....
Jean-François recommande de battre immédiatement après la récolte pour éviter les dégâts de mite. Comme dans le cas du fonctionnement des semeurs cela paraît peu réaliste, il faudrait alors recommander aux semeurs de conserver leur bouquet avec de l'absynthe ou d'autres plantes répulsives.
Enfin, penser à conserver les sachets dans différents endroits pour répartir les risques.
Jean-François a aussi évoqué le travail d'obtention paysanne qu'il a mené depuis quelques années. Ce travail a rendu encore plus difficile pour lui de continuer le travail de conservation, c'est pourquoi il ne ressème plus que tous les 2 ans ses variétés.
Proposition de collaboration CETAB/ Pétanielle
recenser toutes les variétés locales qu'on a, identifier la diversité des variétés, les caractériser : le faire de façon concerté pour se répartir cet énorme travail Jean-François met à disposition de Pétanielle sa bateuse d'épis (voir photo).
Participants des semeurs à la visite : des jardinier(e)s, des paysan(ne)s, des jardiniers-paysans et des aspirants paysans !
Michel Metz, Jean-Yves Marc, Grégory Dhoye, Christian et Suzy Michel, Florence Peloux, Monique et Bruno Philippon, Daniel Albert, Brigitte Bonneau, Alain Godfroy, Mathieu Le Bolloch
Hélène 22/05/2011
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